History

On the part Post Date: Sun, 10 Aug 2008 2:16:23 +0000
Within two months after President Grant's message went to Congress the preliminary steps w T ere taken, and the Joint High Commission appointed. The Commissioners on behalf of Great Britain were the Earl de Grey and Ripon, president of the Queen's Council; Sir Stafford Northcote, late Chancellor of the Ex- chequer; Sir Edward Thornton, British Minister at Washington; Sir John Maedouald, Premier of the Dominion of Canada, and Montague Bernard, professor of international law in the University of Oxford. On the part of the United States they were Hamilton Fish, Secre- tary of State; Kobert C.

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Bancroft Davis, Assistant Secretary Post Date: Sun, 10 Aug 2008 1:58:38 +0000
Schenck, who had just been appointed Min- ister to Great Britain; Samuel Nelson, Justice of the Supreme Court; Kockwood Hoar, late Attorney-General, and George Williams, late Senator of the United States from Oregon. The secretaries were Lord Tenterden, Under-Secretary of the British Foreign Office, and C. Bancroft Davis, Assistant Secretary of State of the United States.

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The treaty took cognizance Post Date: Sun, 10 Aug 2008 1:39:39 +0000
The British Commissioners arrived in Washington before the close of February, 1871, and the Treaty was concluded on the 8th day of May. This was something unprecedented in British diplomacy. The treaty took cognizance of four questions at issue between the two countries, and it was agreed that the Alabama Claims should be ad- justed at Geneva, Switzerland, by arbitration; that all other claims for damages sustained by citizens of the United States and subjects of Great Britain, between 1801 and 1865, should be determined by a commission to meet at Washington; that the San Juan dispute should be referred to the Emperor of Germany as umpire, and that the ques- tion in regard to the fisheries should be settled by a commission to meet at Halifax, Nova Scotia.

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But the greatest triumph Post Date: Sun, 10 Aug 2008 1:19:58 +0000
The Geneva award was for |15,500,000, an amount, as it was afterward ascertained, that was in excess of the actual damages sustained by citizens of the United States in conse- quence of the depredations of the rebel cruiser. All the other ques- tions in dispute were settled to the satisfaction of both countries. But the greatest triumph of Mr Fish's diplomacy, and the one that gives him a high place as a statesman, was the agreement upon the three rules of international law T by which, as neutrals, the two countries were to be bound in time of war.

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" Secondly, not to permit Post Date: Sun, 10 Aug 2008 1:03:57 +0000
These rules were. " First, to use due diligence to prevent the fitting out, arming, or equipping, within its jurisdiction, of any vessel which it has reasonable ground to believe is intended to cruise or to carry on war against a power with which it is at peace ; and also to use like diligence to prevent the departure from its jurisdiction of any vessel intended to cruise or carry on war as above, such vessel having been specially adapted, in whole or in part, within such jurisdiction, to warlike use. " Secondly, not to permit or suffer either belligerant to make use of its ports or waters as the base of naval operations against the other, or for the purpose of the renewal or augmentation of military supplies or arms, or the recruitment of men.

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The purchase of Alaska Post Date: Sun, 10 Aug 2008 0:50:09 +0000
" Thirdly, to exercise due diligence in its own ports and waters, and, as to all persons within its jurisdiction, to prevent any violation of the foregoing obligations and duties." While Mr Fish's diplomacy was more successful in dealing with Great Britain than the effort of Mr Seward, the purchase of Alaska by President Johnson's Administration succeeded, but President Grant's negotiations for the acquisition of San Domingo failed. The purchase of Alaska from Russia was effected by the treaty of March 30, 1867, and completed by the appropriation of the purchase money, $7,200,000 in gold, July 27, 1868.

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In the Senate the opposition Post Date: Sun, 10 Aug 2008 0:35:48 +0000
If it had not been for the tradi- tional friendship of Kussia for the United States this purchase would have failed, even after it was made. The American people had no appreciation of the real value of the territory ceded to them it was only a " lump of ice," and the popular branch of Congress was no better informed. In the Senate the opposition was not so marked, and the treaty was ratified with comparatively little difficulty.

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He said of the treaty Post Date: Sun, 10 Aug 2008 0:19:51 +0000
In the House many leading Republicans opposed the appropriation. Washburu, of Wisconsin, took the lead in opposition. He said of the treaty that nobody asked for it; that it was secretly negotiated so that the opposition to it could not be heard; that we were to be put to never-ending expense in governing a nation of savages, and that the country was absolutely without value.

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Mr Peters, of Maine, said Post Date: Sun, 10 Aug 2008 0:09:08 +0000
General Butler thought that if we were to pay for the friendship of Russia it would be cheaper to give the Czar the cash and let him keep Alaska. The men who knew the least about the Territory were the most pronounced in de- claring it to be entirely worthless. Mr Peters, of Maine, said it was "intrinsically valueless"; Mr Price, of Iowa, Mr Shellabarger, of Ohio, and Mr McCarthy, of New T York, were among those who argued against the purchase.

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The principal champion Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 23:58:58 +0000
In its favor were Mr Stevens and Mr L. Myers, of Pennsylvania; Mr Spalding, of Ohio, and Mr Higby, of California. The principal champion of the measure in the House was General Banks, chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs.

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