History

The public domain should Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 1:20:05 +0000
9 We remember with gratitude the heroism and sacrifices of the soldiers and sailors of the Republic, and no act of ours shall ever de- tract from their justly earned fame or the full rewards of their patriotism. 10 We are opposed to all further grants of lands to railroads or other corporations. The public domain should be held sacred to actual settlers.

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The first conviction under Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 1:08:13 +0000
11 We hold that it is the duty of the Government in its intercourse with foreign nations to cultivate the friendships of peace by treating with all on fair and equal terms, regarding it alike dishonorable to demand what is not right or to submit to what is wrong. 12 For the promotion and success of these vital principles and the support of the candidates nominated by this Convention, we in- vite and cordially welcome the co-operation of all patriotic citizens without regard to previous political affiliations. The first conviction under the act was in Philadelphia, in Febru- ary, 1876.

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An Act of Congress Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 0:57:01 +0000
Fields Cook, pastor of the Third Baptist Colored Church of Alexandria, Virginia, was refused sleeping and eating accommo- dations at the Bingham House by Upton Newcomer, one of its clerks; and upon the trial of the case, in the United States District Court, John Cadwalader, Judge, instructed the jury as follows: " The Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States makes all persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, citizens of the United States, and provides that no State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deny to any person within its jurisdic- tion the equal protection of the laws. This amendment expressly gives to Congress the power to enforce it by appropriate legislation. An Act of Congress of March 1, 1875, enacts that all persons within the jurisdiction of the United States shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the accommodations, advantages, facilities, and privileges of inns, public conveyances on land or water, theaters and other places of public amusement, subject only to the conditions and limitations established by law, and applicable alike to citizens of every race and color, and makes it a criminal offense to violate these enactments by denying to any citizen, except for reasons by law ap- plicable to citizens of every race and color the full enjoy- ment of any accommodations, advantages, facilities, or privileges enumerated.

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But the law Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 0:40:17 +0000
As the lawof Pennsylvania had stood until the 22d of March, 1867, it was not wrongful for innkeepers or carriers by land or water to discriminate against travelers of the colored race to such an extent as to exclude them from any part of the inns or public con- veyances which was set apart for the exclusive accommodation of white travelers. The Legislature of Pennsylvania, by an act of the 22d of March, 1867, altered the law in this respect as to passengers on railroads. But the law of the State was not changed as to inns by any act of the State Legislature.

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I am of the opinion Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 0:21:57 +0000
Therefore, independently of the amendment of the Constitution of the United States and of the act of Congress now in question, the conduct of the defendant on the occa- sion in question might, perhaps, have been lawful. It is not necessary to express an opinion on this point, because the decision of the case depends upon the effect of this act of Congress. I am of the opinion that under the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution the enact- ment of this law was within the legislative power of Congress, and that we are bound to give effect to the act of Congress according to its fair meaning.

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But under this head Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 0:06:42 +0000
According to this meaning of the act I am of opinion that if this defendant, being in charge of the business of re- ceiving travelers in this inn, and of providing necessary and proper accommodations for them in it, refused such accommodations to the witness, Cook, then a traveler, by reason of his color, the defendant is guilty in manner and form as he stands indicted. If the case de- pended upon the unsupported testimony of this witness alone, there might be some reason to doubt whether this defendant was the person in charge of this part of the business. But under this head the ad- ditional testimony of Mr Annan seems to be sufficient to remove all reasonable doubt.

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If the jury have any Post Date: Wed, 6 Aug 2008 23:55:36 +0000
If the jury are convinced of the defendant's iden- tity they w 7 ill consider whether any reasonable doubt of his conduct or motives in refusing the accommodations to Fields Cook can exist. The case appears to the Court to be proved; but this question is for the jury, not for the Court. If the jury have any reasonable doubt, they should find the defendant not guilty; otherwise they will find him guilty.

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HE period of reaction set Post Date: Wed, 6 Aug 2008 23:38:11 +0000
The Forty-fourth Congress Michael C. Kerr, Speaker Noteworthy Changes in Both Houses Failure of the Amnesty Bill Andrew Johnson Again in the Senate New Members in the Forty-fifth Congress Failure of the Army Appropriation Bill in the Forty- fourth Congress The Use of Troops at the Polls Coinage of the Silver Dollar Organization of the Forty-sixth Congress Changes in the Senate and House of Representatives A Power- less Democratic Majority. HE period of reaction set in with a Republican reverse in 1874 as marked as the Republican victory in 1872.

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But the completeness Post Date: Wed, 6 Aug 2008 23:20:34 +0000
There were premonitions of the coming political revolution in 1873, when William Allen was elected Governor of Ohio over Edwin F. Noyes, the Republican candidate, and when General Dix was beaten for Governor of New York by Samuel Tilden. But the completeness of the reaction was not fully appreciated until the 44th Congress met, March 6, 1875.

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The ascendency thus gained Post Date: Wed, 6 Aug 2008 23:09:36 +0000
The House of Representatives was organized by the election of Michael C. Kerr, of Indiana, as Speaker, by 173 votes, to 106 for Mr Blaine, a result that was a com- plete reverse of the relative strength of parties in the preceding Con- gress. The ascendency thus gained in the House by the Democrats was maintained without interruption for six years; and in the 46th Congress the Democratic party, for the first time since 1856, was in control of both Houses of Congress.

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